Bits are constructed to vary the location, intensity, and type of rein pressure. Hackamores vary in the flexibility and size of the bosal, or noseband, and the amount of release, or open space between the noseband and the horse's nose and chin in the absence of rein pressure. Snaffles vary in the type of material, shape, diameter, texture, and hinges in the mouthpiece, the attachment of the mouthpiece to the rings, and the size and shape of the rings. Curb bits share similar variations, but they are more involved. The attachment, length, and shape of the shanks, the angle of the mouthpiece in relation to the shanks, the amount of release allowed by the curb strap, and the shape and angle of the port and bars of the mouthpiece affect the amount and distribution of rein pressure from curb bits.
Parts of the Curb Bit
Mouthpiece Design
Most bits are made of steel, iron, or aluminum. Some have mouthpieces made of or inlayed with copper, as one school of thought suggests that combining copper with steel or iron enhances salivation. Some mouthpieces are covered with rubber. Curb bit shanks and snaffle rings may be flattened or round and engraved or inlayed with precious metals (silver or gold) for aesthetic value.
Horse Bit Mouthpiece Variations
Pressure is directed to specific pressure points by variations in the mouthpiece design. Mouthpiece diameter may be tapered to the center and typically varies from 5/16 inch to 3/4 inch, although there are smaller and larger sizes. The smaller the diameter of the mouthpiece, the smaller the contact in the horse's mouth. And the smaller the contact area, the more intense the pressure a horse feels from a given amount of pressure from the reins. Most mouthpieces are smooth and rounded. Some mouthpieces are twisted, rolled, or flattened to cause variations in intensity of pressure.
Variation in Snaffle Rings
The rings on the outer portion of a snaffle bit function to position the mouthpiece and allow attachment of the headstall and reins. Variations in ring diameter and shape influence the location and intensity of rein pressure. Most commonly, rings are full- or half-circular in shape and are usually 2 inches to 4 inches in diameter. Smaller ring diameters may allow the mouthpiece to be misaligned with the mouth when using a single rein or lateral pull. Cheek pieces may project beneath or both above and beneath the ring and run perpendicular to the muzzle of the horse.
For more information on horse bits and bitting, check out the HorseQuest Learning Lesson: Understanding Bits for Horses.
